Ivy planted in Stern Grove, 2005

Now ivy is being sprayed with herbicide–presumably with the intention of killing it–by San Francisco’s Natural Areas Program in other parks in San Francisco, so one wonders if the staff who plant it are aware of the future of the ivy they plant.  Seems like another case of man creating problems which he then must solve.  Perhaps full employment is the objective, rather than the creation of a beautiful garden.  But we digress.

Ivy climbing trees in Stern Grove

Combining pesticides

Many members of the public are of the opinion that all pesticide (herbicides, insecticides, etc.) applications are inappropriate in a park that has been designated as a “natural area.”  Last year, the public complained about the spraying of Garlon in the natural areas by the Natural Areas Program because it is classified by the city’s Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy as “Most Hazardous.”  Consequently, the Natural Areas Program significantly reduced its use of Garlon in 2011. 

For the most part they have substituted a mixture of glyphosate and imazapyr for Garlon. Is this an improvement?  Maybe not.  Although glyphosate and imazapyr have a lower hazard rating of “More Hazardous,” the Natural Areas Program increased their pesticide applications in 2011 at least 20% compared to 2010.  But more importantly, little is known about the toxicity of imazapyr and nothing is known about the toxicity of combining glyphosate and imazapyr.[i]  Imazapyr was approved for use in California in 2005, so only the minimal tests required by law have been done on it.

The manufacturer’s labels for these herbicides suggest that combining them is not an approved use.  The label for Aquamaster (glyphosate) does not include imazapyr on the list of pesticides with which it can be safely combined.  And the Polaris (imazapyr) label says it should not be combined with another pesticide unless it is expressly recommended by the manufacturer of that pesticide.

The “Aquatic Pesticide Application Plan for the San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project” is cited by San Francisco’s IPM program as the evaluation upon which it based its decision to add imazapyr to the list of pesticides approved for use in San Francisco in 2010.   The evaluation explained why imazapyr is being combined with glyphosate by the non-native Spartina eradication project. 

Imazapyr is apparently slow acting.  It can take some months before it kills the plant on which it is sprayed.  Glyphosate, on the other hand, is fast acting.  The plant on which it is sprayed begins to yellow and die within a few weeks.  Glyphosate is therefore used by the Spartina eradication project to provide quicker feedback to those spraying the herbicide.  They know within a few weeks if they have sprayed in the right place.  They don’t have to wait for the next season to spray again if necessary. 

Pesticide Application Notice, Glen Canyon Park, December 2011

 However, glyphosate should be applied to perennial broadleaf plants during their reproductive stage of growth, when they are budding in the late spring and summer, according to the manufacturer.  In Glen Canyon Park, a mixture of glyphosate and imazapyr was sprayed on ivy in December 2011, clearly not the recommended time period for spraying.  A month later, there is no indication that the ivy was damaged by this spraying.  This suggests that there was no point in combining glyphosate and imazapyr in this application.  The public was exposed to the unnecessary risk of combining these herbicides, with no potential benefit of taking that risk.

Pesticides accumulate and persist in the soil

Was it appropriate for the city’s IPM program to use the evaluation of imazapyr for the Spartina project as the basis of their decision to approve its use by the Natural Areas Program?  We don’t think so.  The circumstances of the Spartina project are substantially different from those of its use by the Natural Areas Program.

Imazapyr is used to eradicate non-native Spartina in a tidal estuary.  For that reason the evaluation of its use assured the public that this herbicide would not accumulate in the environment because it would be flushed away from the ground by the tide twice each day. 

The evaluation also said that when imazapyr was used in a pond or stable water source, it persisted in the ground for a longer period of time.  In fact, that’s exactly how imazapyr is being used by the Natural Areas Program.  It has been used at Lake Merced and at Pine Lake, both stable water sources.  It is also being used in Glen Canyon Park, which is a watershed. 

We don’t assume that imazapyr is being used safely to eradicate Spartina.  However, even if it is, it does NOT follow that it is safe for use in watersheds that are not tidal, such as those being sprayed by the Natural Areas Program. 

Collateral damage of pesticides

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide.  That is, it kills any plant it is sprayed on at the right stage of its growth.  But imazapyr is far more insidious as a killer of plants because it is known to travel from the roots of the plant that has been sprayed to the roots of other plants.  For that reason, the manufacturer cautions the user NOT to spray near the roots of any plant you don’t want to kill.  For example, the manufacturer says explicitly that imazapyr should not be sprayed under trees, because that tree is likely to be killed, whether or not that was the intention. 

Pesticide Application Notice under willow trees in Glen Canyon Park, December 2011

Much of the ivy that was sprayed by the Natural Areas Program in Glen Park in December 2011 was sprayed under willow trees.  The willow trees are native, so it seems unlikely that they intended to kill them.

Resistance to pesticides

The Federal Drug Administration recently banned some use of antibiotics in domesticated animals because the bacteria antibiotics are intended to kill are developing resistance to the antibiotics.  This resistance is becoming increasingly dangerous to humans who are also the victims of those bacteria.  Antibiotics are being rendered useless by overuse on domesticated animals.  When humans need them, they won’t work because bacteria have developed a resistance to them.

Likewise, plants and animals are also capable of developing resistance to pesticides.  Glyphosate is the most heavily used herbicide in agriculture.  Recent research indicates that weeds are developing resistance to glyphosate. 

The manufacturer of imazapyr says explicitly that repeated use of this herbicide is likely to result in resistance to it over the long term:  “When herbicides with the same mode of action are used repeatedly over several years to control the same weed species in the same application site, naturally occurring resistant weed biotypes may survive…propagate and become dominant in that site.”   So, does it make sense to use imazapyr on a plant as persistent as ivy? 

The GGNRA reported spending $600,000 over 3 years trying to eradicate ivy from 127 sites.  They were successful in only 7 of the sites.[ii]  Obviously eradicating ivy is not a one-shot deal.

If ivy must be eradicated, pesticides do not have to be used to do it.  The Audubon Canyon Ranch in Bolinas Lagoon reported “qualified” success using hand-pulling methods on 5 acres over 5 years “utilizing 2375 volunteer hours.”  Biannual monitoring of resprouts will be required for the foreseeable future.  It’s a big commitment, but at least it is safe. 

All risk, no reward

Congratulations to any reader with the patience to slog through this tedious list of apparently incompetent use of pesticides by San Francisco’s misnamed Natural Areas Program.  We reward your persistence with this summary:

• Combining pesticides is risky business because the toxicity of such combinations has not been tested.  Therefore, when there is no benefit in doing so, these combinations should be avoided.
• A pesticide that is appropriate for one purpose is not necessarily appropriate for another.  In this case, imazapyr may not accumulate and persist in a tidal estuary, but it is more likely to do so in a stable watershed.
• The Natural Areas Program may be killing plants it does not intend to kill by using herbicides indiscriminately.
• Herbicides should not be used repeatedly on the same plants in the same locations because the plants will develop resistance to those herbicides. 
• If the Recreation and Park Department is planting ivy in one park and destroying it another, could it be such a bad plant that it is worthwhile to expose the public to toxic pesticides?  We don’t think so, but if we are wrong, then ivy should be removed by hand without using pesticides.

The efforts to eradicate many species of plants and animals in the Hawaiian Islands are just as controversial there as they are here in the Bay Area.   Here is a sampling of the legal, environmental, and ethical questions raised by these eradication projects:

• 

  Coqui frog

  The coqui is a tiny frog that was inadvertently introduced to Hawaii from Puerto Rico in the 1980s.  There are no native frogs in Hawaii, so efforts to eradicate the coqui aren’t predicated on the usual claim that it will out-compete its native counterpart.  In this case, those who launched this campaign claimed that the frog will eat all the insects on the islands, depriving other animals of this food source.  The proposal was to spray highly concentrated caffeine in the forests occupied by the frog.  No tests were conducted to determine what effect this would have on any of the plants or other animals that would be sprayed in the process.

  

  Strawberry guava, USDS

• The strawberry guava was introduced to Hawaii as a fruit tree, just as virtually every fruit tree in America was.  The proposal was to eradicate the strawberry guava with biocontrol, which means an insect was introduced that would theoretically feed solely on the strawberry guava.  The theory of biocontrol is more appealing than the reality, which in practice has often introduced new predators that are more difficult to control than the original target.  This eradication effort was also controversial because the strawberry guava is a valuable source of food for all animals in Hawaii, including humans.
•  Mangroves are coastal forests that are considered valuable nurseries for marine life.  In Hawaii some have been eradicated with herbicides.  The skeletal remains of the mangrove are left to rot in the water, creating an eyesore and a graveyard for the animals that lived there.

                                                  Animals are caught in the middle

The endangered monk seal has been caught in the middle of the nativist debate in Hawaii.  Because it is endangered, government biologists are obligated by law to try to prevent its extinction.  The monk seal has therefore been introduced to places in the Hawaiian Islands in which it hasn’t previously lived, based on the belief that it will have less competition in these areas.  This introduction of the monk seal into new territory has made it vulnerable to two diametrically opposite sides of this debate.  The monk seals are being bludgeoned to death by someone who doesn’t want them there.  Is it a fisherman who believes the legal protections provided for the endangered seal will threaten his fishing rights?  Or is it one of the nativists who are saying that the seals “don’t belong here?” 

Monk Seal, Hawaii Wikimedia Commons

Dr. Sydney Singer is a medical anthropologist who lives in Hawaii.  He is in the forefront of the opposition to the eradication of non-native plants and animals, particularly the toxic methods used by the projects.  He has written a tongue-in-cheek quiz for Hawaiians to get at the bottom of that vexing question about what “belongs” in Hawaii.  With Dr. Singer’s permission, we share this quiz with our readers:

What belongs in Hawaii?

“A NOAA[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]report released last year showed 35 percent of those surveyed at beaches and popular fishing areas on Kauai and Molokai believed the [monk] seals aren’t native to the islands.“

This raises a critical question for our legislators to consider as invasive species eradicators come to the public trough for more money to kill plants and animals that “don’t belong in Hawaii”.

 How can we tell what does and doesn’t “belong” in Hawaii? Here is a quiz.

 From the following list, pick the item that best matches your personal prejudice:

• Any plants or animals that were brought to Hawaii by human beings, including by the Hawaiians, don’t belong here.
• Any plant or animal brought by the Hawaiians is okay, but those brought by any other culture are bad and don’t belong here. However, alien biocontrol agents, such as insects and fungi which attack plants and animals that don’t belong here, do belong here.
• Any plants or animals that are useful, beautiful, or in some other way make our lives better belong here, but those that are noxious or poisonous don’t belong here.
• How do I know?  I’m from New Jersey. I’m just glad to be alive and be living here.

This question is especially important for the invasive species committees and their army of eradicators poisoning, trapping, shooting and infesting our islands to kill species that they have decided “don’t belong.” And now, following their lead, members of the public are killing endangered Monk seals.”

                                                                  The elusive “baseline”

What is Dr. Singer trying to tell us with these rhetorical questions?  He is reminding us that every living creature in the Hawaiian Islands came from somewhere.  When the islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes they were completely barren.  They were slowly populated over millennia by plants and animals brought by the wind, by the sea, by birds and animals.  Humans arrived on the islands over 1,000 years ago when Polynesians came by boat from neighboring islands.  And Captain Cook and his crew were the first Europeans to arrive in the islands in 1778.  Each of these “invasions” brought new creatures.  Many of those creatures are now extinct. The historical food web cannot be recreated because some pieces are missing and some pieces are unknown. So, how can we arrive at a “baseline” which we now attempt to replicate?  It’s a conundrum that illustrates the fundamental absurdity of the entire concept of restoring historical ecology.

We learned about this project from one of the cemetery’s periodic mailings to its neighbors.  They informed their neighbors that they planned to plant more trees because they observed that fewer shrubs grew under the canopy of trees.  They also said they “prefer to plant using what grows well in the Bay Area climate with minimal water and intervention.”  Finally, they concluded in what seemed a non sequitur, “We intend to remove unwanted eucalyptus trees that border the cemetery.  Although they provide a useful neighborhood screen and help to architecturally define our outdoor landscape, eucalyptus is a damaging pest to the cemetery.”

Eucalyptus, Mountain View Cemetery

Having received this warning, we weren’t surprised when the eucalypts began to disappear from the cemetery.  The lone specimens in prominent areas in the cemetery seem to us a terrible loss.

Few trees grow more successfully than eucalypts in the San Francisco Bay Area.  They require no supplemental water.  They live for several hundred years in Australia and have grown here for over one-hundred years.  They are not invasive.  We don’t think they deserve to be called a “pest.” 

Gone, but not forgotten

The Mountain View Cemetery was planned by Frederick Law Olmstead in 1863 and building began shortly thereafter.  Although there are native Coast Live Oaks and Redwoods, according to an arborist docent they were all planted after the cemetery was built.  This is as we would expect because, “Vegetation before urbanization in Oakland was dominated by grass, shrub, and marshlands that occupied approximately 98% of the area.  Trees in riparian woodlands covered approximately 1.1% of Oakland’s preurbanized lands…”[i] 

The vast majority of trees in the cemetery are not native.  The original tree-lined avenue through the center of the cemetery was planted with Magnolias by Olmstead.  There are many stunning specimens of non-native trees:  Dawn Redwood, Copper Beech, Ginkos, etc. 

Ginko in the fall, Mountain View Cemetery

Eucalyptus is not our favorite tree.  We would probably choose to plant many other species before we would consider planting eucalyptus.  However, the decision to plant a tree is very different from the decision to destroy a tree.  We see no justification for destroying mature, healthy trees sequestering thousands of tons of carbon.  The prejudice against eucalyptus remains a mystery to us.

By the time Europeans arrived in California in the late 18^th century, several European plants had spread from Mexico where Mediterranean grasses already dominated.  In the mid-19^th century, an influx of gold miners increased demand for beef.  Grazing of the native bunch grasses created an opportunity for the non-native annual grasses to occupy the disturbed ground.[i]  California’s native bunch grasses are not adapted to heavy grazing by herds of domesticated animals.  The grassland of California is now about 98% non-native.[ii]

Restoring California’s Grasslands

Because so much of California was grassland when Europeans arrived, the restoration of grassland is a high priority for native plant advocates.  This is the story of one attempt to restore native grassland in the Sacramento Valley.  The project was funded by UC Davis and Caltrans, the State of California’s transportation department. 

First seeding of test plot, February 2003. ecoseed.com

Project Time-Line

• February 2003:  2-acres drill-seeded with native grasses
• June 2003:           First-year planting declared a failure.  Site was sprayed in May.
• October 2003:    Site is burned and re-seeded.
• January 2004:     Exotic grasses have been managed
  • Bare soil and seedlings of broadleaf weeds remain
• May 2004:`          About 1,000 plants of native grass remain
• August 2004:      Yellow star thistle is mowed
• Nov 2005:            A total of only four native grass plants appear to have survived
• Spring 2006:        Plot is plowed and replanted by drill-seeding
• Sept 2006:           4% native grass underneath non-native weed canopy
• August 2008:      Yellow star thistle and wild oats are invading from the edges.
  • Native grasses expected to persist from 2 to 10 years depending on rainfall
• Autumn 2009:    Fifth planting attempt produced only about 30% coverage
• August 2011:       Natives and non-natives about 50/50
  

  Same test plot 8 years later - August 2011

 Failure at what cost?

After many years of replanting, reseeding, mowing, burning, plowing, and spraying, the 2-acre site is still dominated by non-native species and those natives which survived are not expected to persist for more than 10 years as they are overtaken by the non-natives.  Using state-of-the-art-techniques and the expertise of one of the most prestigious agricultural research institutions in the world, this project must be considered a failure.  The price of this failed effort was $225,000 per acre. 

[Edited to Add:  We discovered two new sources of information[iii] on this topic after publishing this article.  These sources inform us that the cost estimate in our original source is based on a research grant which probably included costs associated with the research, such as data gathering and analysis.  Therefore, the price of this effort overestimates the cost of the restoration itself.  Although the new sources of information provide cost estimates of grassland restoration, we don’t consider those estimates substantially more accurate because they report only the direct cost of the project and predict a shorter time frame for the restoration than the actual project which took 5 years.]

San Franciscans who have been watching the so-called “natural areas” in San Francisco for 15 years should not be surprised or disappointed by these weed-infested plots behind fences.  Why should the Natural Areas Program be more successful than the scientists at UC Davis?  Given that NAP is working on tiny plots of urban land–which add up to 1,100 acres–that are completely surrounded by exotic plants, shouldn’t we expect even less success than what UC Davis could accomplish in the Sacramento Valley surrounded by acres of open space?  Lower your expectations, San Francisco.  Or refuse to waste your tax dollars on plowing the sea. 

Here’s an excerpt:

The concert hall at the Syndey Opera House holds 2,700 people. This blog was viewed about 13,000 times in 2011. If it were a concert at Sydney Opera House, it would take about 5 sold-out performances for that many people to see it.

Click here to see the complete report.

We are deeply concerned about the increasing isolation of Americans from one another and we believe that the polarization of viewpoints, particularly in politics, is one of the consequences of this trend.  Only the highly motivated extremes of opinion are still engaged in the civic dialogue.  The middle ground is no longer represented in the debate.  However, we will focus on the topic that is relevant to Million Trees, that is, the implications for the environmental movement. 

Bowling Alone. Attribution: Xiaphias

Membership in environmental organizations reached its peak in 1995, according to Bowling Alone after decades of enormous growth since the 1960s.  This peak was consistent with public opinion regarding environmentalism.  In 1990 three-quarters of Americans considered themselves “environmentalists.”  By the end of the decade, that percentage had dropped to only 50%. 

The growth in membership was achieved by the use of a new marketing tool known as direct mail.  Think about it.  How many invitations do you receive in the mail from non-profit organizations, asking you to contribute to a wide-range of worthy causes?   Typically these organizations spend between 20-30% of their budgets on such fund raising and the rate of return on these solicitations is only 1-3% of the cost depending upon the quality of the mailing list.  Using this technique, Greenpeace tripled its membership between 1985 and 1990 to 2.35 million.

What does “membership” mean?

After tripling its membership, Greenpeace lost 85% of its members in the next 8 years.  The drop-out rate after the first year is typically 30% in these organizations.  

In fact, most contributors to these organizations don’t even consider themselves “members” in the usual sense of that word.  The commitment to the organization doesn’t extend far beyond writing a check.  Only 8% of contributors to the Environmental Defense Fund, for example, described themselves “active” in the organization. 

These organizations are therefore distinctly different from their historical antecedents.  Participants in the civil rights movement frequently put their lives on the line.  The social lives of Rotary Club members revolved around the Rotary lodge. 

Since few people are active participants in environmental organizations, they have become “bureaucratized,” meaning they are run by and for paid professionals.  Most members have little idea what policies the professional staff has adopted on their behalf. 

The Sierra Club

In 1989, a survey of Sierra Club members determined that only 13% of its members had attended even one meeting of the Sierra Club.  The Bay Area Chapter of the Sierra Club claims to have 10,000 members, but chapter leadership of a group (the chapter is broken into many geographical groups, such as the San Francisco Group)was elected by as few as 59 votes.  The top vote-getter in the Club’s most recent election received 327 votes in a Chapter-wide race, but only one chapter group (Northern Alameda County) had more candidates than there were available seats.  In other words, there was no competition for most of the leadership seats. 

Yet, the incumbents in these leadership positions are free to determine the local policies of the Sierra Club.  Here are a few recent examples of positions taken by the Bay Area Chapter of the Sierra Club:

• Demanding (by suing) the closure of the golf course at Sharp Park in Pacifica and transfer of the entire park to the National Park Service based on a belief that this would benefit two endangered species.
• The redefinition of “recreation” in San Francisco’s General Plan to move “active” recreation from parks to “city streets and gyms.”
• The endorsement of tree destruction and herbicide use in the East Bay Regional Park District and San Francisco’s Natural Areas Program based on a belief that native plants would benefit.

The opinion of the membership is not asked when these policy positions are taken by the leadership.  However, if members read the chapter’s quarterly newsletter (The Yodeler) they have the opportunity to learn about them after the fact.

The influence of the Sierra Club

We believe that the influence of the Sierra Club exceeds the size of its membership.  The Sierra Club endorses candidates for political office.  These endorsements are highly sought after because politicians believe that the endorsement confers the votes of its membership.  This belief was recently tested in the race for mayor of San Francisco. 

State Senator Leland Yee sought and received the endorsement of the Sierra Club in his bid for mayor of San Francisco.  In the past, he had been critical of the Natural Areas Program.  His stated reason for that criticism was that the veneration of native plants was offensive to his roots as an immigrant.  In particular, the Chinese community suffered horrendous discrimination in California in the 19^th Century.  The rhetoric of the native plant movement is reminiscent of the xenophobia from which the Chinese community has suffered historically. 

It seems unlikely that Senator Yee’s emotional reaction to nativism changed when he sought the endorsement of the Sierra Club, but he had to disavow that opinion in order to receive the Club’s endorsement.  He did so because he believed that the votes of Sierra Club members would help him to be elected mayor of San Francisco.  His bet did not pay off.  He did not win.  In fact, he came in fourth. 

We hope that political candidates in the future will heed this warning.  The Sierra Club may have many “members” but that membership does not necessarily confer votes.  The vast majority of “members” have no commitment to the policy positions taken by the Club.

An appeal to Sierra Club members

There were over 4,000 public comments on the Environmental Impact Study for the Dog Management Plan of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGNRA).  The Dog Management Plan proposes to eliminate about 80% of existing off-leash areas, which are now only 1% of the 74,000 acres of GGNRA property.  The Sierra Club supports that plan.  There were thousands of comments from people with dogs who are presently enjoying the small areas now available to them for off-leash recreation.  Sixty-four of those people said they are Sierra Club members.  That’s enough members to elect someone to a leadership position in the Club.

If you are a member of the Sierra Club, here’s what you can do to influence the Club’s policies:

• Inform yourself of the policies of the Sierra Club. 
• If you don’t agree with those policies, we urge you to vote in the election of officers to the leadership positions in the Sierra Club.
•  If you don’t know the policies of the candidates, ask them. 
•  If there are no candidates that represent your viewpoint, find candidates who do.
• If you can’t find a candidate you can support, it’s time to vote with your feet.
• If you leave the Club tell them why. 

Quit Bowling Alone!

Attribution: GNU Free Documentation

The supercontinent Pangea

Pangea is said to have been assembled about 237 million years ago, during the Early Triassic Period, shortly after the great Permian extinction, the period of the most extensive extinctions of plant and animal species in the history of the Earth.   Pangea began to break apart about 50 million years later, but the African and South American continents remained fused–into a continent dubbed Gondwana–until about 100 million years ago.

During that period of nearly 160 million years, many new life forms emerged and others died out.  Cone-bearing plants replaced some spore-bearing plants before Pangea formed and dominated the Earth during much of Pangea’s existence.  The first true mammals, flowering plants, birds, lizards, and salamanders appeared before the break up of Pangea was complete.

What are the implications of the development of new species of life on Earth at a time when there was a single, unified continent?  That is the question we are considering today.  Obviously, the transport of plant and animal species into new territories is facilitated by their proximity.  Seeds are more easily transported by wind and animals if they need not cross barriers such as oceans, as they must today.   As a result there was greater homogeneity of species during the geologic periods of Pangea.  And species diversified rapidly when Pangea broke up into the 7 continents of today. [ii]  These diversified species have common ancestors. 

Even after Pangea began to break up into separate continents, there were land bridges between some of the continents during periods of glaciations when water was locked into ice, draining the oceans.  Animals could travel over these land bridges from one continent to another, often bringing plant species with them, usually unwittingly.  That’s how the first humans in North America and ultimately South America traveled from Asia about 13,000 years ago at the time of the last ice age.

The common ancestry of many plants and animals is one of many reasons why the concept of “native” is ambiguous and is often debated.  We will consider a few examples in which the designation of a particular plant as native or non-native seems debatable.

Is the Dawn Redwood native to California?

Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) is closely related to our redwood trees, Coast Redwood and Giant Sequoia.  Dawn redwood is unique in being a conifer that is also deciduous (loses its foliage in winter), unlike our redwood trees which are evergreen.  Dawn redwoods were until recently considered native to remote regions of China where they are considered “critically endangered.”

Dawn redwood in spring. Wikimedia Commons

However, scientists at the Museum of Paleontology at UC Berkeley tell us that there is fossil evidence that dawn redwoods grew in California about 40 million years ago.  Dawn redwoods now grow successfully in the Bay Area.  There is a famous specimen in front of McLaren Lodge in Golden Gate Park, headquarters of San Francisco’s Recreation and Park Department.  Every autumn, when the tree turns red, park staff receives calls from the public expressing their concern that the beautiful tree is dying.

Dawn redwoods died out in California during the last ice age because the climate was cooler than dawn redwoods could tolerate.  So, now that the climate has warmed again, and dawn redwoods are back, why not welcome them as a “return of the natives?”  That’s the kind of flexibility that makes sense to us, particularly in a time of rapidly changing climate. 

Dawn redwood in autumn. Wikimedia Commons

Unfortunately, we don’t find such flexibility in the native plant ideology.  Dawn redwoods are rare both in California and in China from which it was reintroduced, and it is therefore not one of the trees that native plant advocates demand be eradicated.  Monterey pine and Monterey cypress are not so fortunate.  These are also trees for which fossil evidence suggests that they lived in San Francisco in the distant past and their native range is less than 150 miles down the coast in Monterey.  Both tree species are also considered threatened in their native range.  Yet, native plant advocates demand their eradication in San Francisco. 

This is an example of the rigidity of the native plant ideology that has earned them the reputation of fanatics.

Does Rhododendron ponticum “belong” in Britain?

We told our readers in a recent post that Rhododendron ponticum is one of only about a dozen plants in Britain that are considered “invasive.”  It is a stunningly beautiful plant which is being aggressively eradicated in Britain.  Richard Mabey in Weeds:  In Defense of Nature’s Most Unloved Plants offers this explanation for why this particular plant is “invasive” in Britain:

“The next most serious weed is probably rhododendron which, unusually, has the ability to invade existing ancient woodland, especially in the west of Britain.  This may be because, if one employs a very long time scale, it is not strictly an alien.  The species that forms impenetrable thickets in western Britain is Rhododendron ponticum, whose pollen remains have been found in deposits in Ireland dating back to the last interglacial.  The species was plainly accustomed to growing in Atlantic woodland and may have retained a genetic “memory” of how to cope with this habitat and its competing species.  But it didn’t grow spontaneously in Britain for the next 30,000 years, and all the current feral colonies are regarded as originating from garden escapes.”[iii]

Rhododendron ponticum. Wikimedia Commons

Once again, we wonder if “welcome home” isn’t a more appropriate response to this beautiful plant.  We find the definition of “native” as arbitrary as the definition of “invasive.”  Both seem to be terms used by people who abhor change.  And in a rapidly changing world, does such resistance to change make any sense?  We don’t think so. 

We often puzzle over the list of nearly 200 non-native plants on the list compiled by the California Invasive Plant Council.  We know from horticultural experience and scientific studies that at least two of the trees on this list are not invasive.  Aerial photographs of open space in the Bay Area taken over a period of 60 to 80 years, proves that neither the eucalyptus nor the Monterey pine forests are spreading. 

Cotoneaster lacteus. Jackson Nursery, UK

There are also several species of non-native shrubs which produce berries on the list of “invasive” plants that we know don’t spread in our gardens:  English holly trees, Cotoneaster, and Pyracantha.  So, why are they on the hit list?  The garden columnist in the San Francisco Chronicle recently told us why in answer to a question about planting a non-native holly tree for Christmas foliage in the garden:

“Berries are a little harder to come by if we follow the advice of native plant specialists who are concerned about escape of holly, cotoneaster and pyracantha into nearby wildlands, particularly in coastal counties. Birds that eat the fruit and deposit seeds are the culprits.” 

Pyracantha. Wikimedia Commons

In other words, native plant advocates don’t want gardeners to plant non-native plants that produce berries which the birds eat, because they don’t want the plants to spread.  Obviously, their dedication to native plants trumps whatever concern or interest they might have in the welfare of birds.  Native plant advocates frequently claim that their “restorations” will benefit wildlife.  Clearly the eradication of berry-producing shrubs does not qualify for such a claim.

The loss of food and habitat for the wildlife that lives in our public lands is only one of many issues in the debate about native plant “restorations.”  But for bird lovers, this is a high priority.  In this regard, we were struck by one of the public comments that was recently submitted on the Draft Environmental Impact Report for the Natural Areas Program.  This self-identified “birder” said this about the radical “restorations” in San Francisco:

“Restoration areas such as Land’s End, El Polin Spring, Crissy Field are seldom spoken about anymore by birders or others looking for populations of wildlife.  Since the vast majority of the city’s resident bird species feed, roost and breed in trees, they leave, starve or are predated when their habitat is destroyed.”

Cedar Waxwings in crab apple tree. Wikimedia Commons

As the Cedar Waxwings pass through the Bay Area on their annual migration, we see them eating the berries in our holly tree.  They remind us that the eradication of non-native trees benefits neither animals nor birds, nor insects.  Who benefits from these destructive projects besides the people making their living at it?  It’s a mystery. 

Argentine ant. UC Davis

But wait!  Now scientists are suddenly noticing that the Argentine ant is disappearing from some of their colonial haunts.  Scientists in New Zealand have recently reported the disappearance of the Argentine ant from 40% of sites they populated in the past and their populations have shrunk significantly where they are still found.  Native ants have “reinvaded” the areas vacated by the Argentine ant.  The scientists reporting this finding “concluded the species naturally collapses after 10 to 20 years.”

The scientists in New Zealand don’t claim to know why the populations of Argentine ant have disappeared.  They speculate that a virus is to blame.  They don’t claim “pest control” deserves credit for the disappearance which is estimated to have cost $53 million (NZ$68) per year since the Argentine ant was originally found there in 1990. That’s right, New Zealand spent approximately $53 million per year trying to eradicate the Argentine ant, which apparently is disappearing on its own.

This is apparently not an isolated phenomenon.  An entomologist at UC Davis reports that the Argentine ant has been declining in California as well.  How much pesticide was poured on Argentine ants before they showed the good grace to just disappear?

The Africanized Bee:  Another scary story that didn’t materialize

Another example of an “invasion” that seems to have resolved itself is the Africanized bee.  Do you remember about 15 years ago when the media created a panic about the Africanized bee?  We were told that it was spreading rapidly from Latin America, headed our way and that it was so dangerous that it was capable of swarming people and animals and stinging them to death! 

Africanized honeybee USDA

What happened to that particular “alien invasion” story?  Professor Gordon Frankie (UC Berkeley), our local expert about bees, was asked that question in a lecture he was giving to Cal Alumni in October 2011.  He said that the Africanized bee didn’t turn out to be as aggressive as it was originally thought to be and that it didn’t spread as far or as fast as predicted.

Does “Invasion Biology” make more problems than it solves?

Some months ago we created a Google alert for “invasive species.”  Now we are treated to a daily barrage of scary “alien invasion” stories from all over the world.  We wonder how many of these “invasions” will eventually prove to be benign.  We wonder how much money will be spent, how many animals will be killed, how much pesticide will be poured on our public lands, before we figure out that we need not be afraid of everything that is new in the environment.  We wonder how many people are making their living on these eradication efforts and what role they play in frightening the public into funding their projects and tolerating the destruction they inflict on the environment.

First, we venture a definition of weeds, though any definition is likely to be controversial.  The concept of “weed” originated with agriculture, some 5,000 years ago in the Old World[i], when man began to distinguish between those plants that are edible or otherwise useful and those that are not.  And so, plants that are not perceived as useful or turn up in the wrong place, were defined by man as “weeds.” 

It’s a shifting concept, because a plant that was useful historically, either because it was believed to be a cure for some malady, or was otherwise useful, might be replaced by some superior remedy.   Such a changing concept of the value of particular plants is a central theme to the book as well as to the Million Trees blog.  We often invite our readers to consider that much of the current interest in native plants is a horticultural fad that is likely to change in the future as it has in the past. 

We also often question the designation of hundreds of non-native plant species as “invasive” in California, a designation that makes them a target for eradication.   Mabey’s book about weeds helps us to put this designation into perspective.  Britain obviously has a much longer history of trade with its neighbors on continental Europe, which increased the potential for the introduction of non-native species.  Yet, despite Britain’s longer history of ecological globalization, Mabey tells us that only about one dozen species of plants are presently considered invasive in Britain compared to hundreds in California. 

Rhododendron ponticum, one of only a dozen plants considered invasive in Britain. Wikimedia Commons

Mabey defends several of the non-native plants considered as invasive in Britain.  He believes that some are merely responding to the disturbance of native vegetation by the activities of man.  Nature hates a vacuum.  When native vegetation is no longer adapted to the changed soil, water, and air quality conditions created by man, any plant that will grow in these new conditions is preferable to bare ground.  Plants—including weeds—help the soil absorb rainwater into the ground which would otherwise run off the land, silting streams and causing erosion.

There is much food for thought in this little book.  It invites us to compare our list of nearly 200 plants in California that have been officially designated as “invasive” to a short list of only a dozen plants in Britain.  What accounts for this big difference?  Different conditions or different attitudes?  We don’t know the answer to this question, but we think it is a question worthy of consideration.